RogerBW's Blog

Time Is Hard (Windows NT4 version) 16 May 2025

It is a programming truism that dealing with time is hard; "Falsehoods Programmers Believe About Time" comes back round every so often, and I've certainly made my share of errors. But there was one Windows bug that doesn't seem to have been widely discussed, and I observed in person.

This was in the autumn of 1998, and I was working in network operations for Demon, both day and night shifts; our machines were mostly FreeBSD, but we had one NT4 box because some bit of software that was used to poke the games servers would only run on Windows. We hardly ever had to use it, but there it was ready to go in case.

If you already know this technical detail, or aren't interested, feel free to skip: there's a fundamental difference in timekeeping between MS-DOS and Unix. Unix machines were designed with the expectation of networking, so the machine's internal clock runs on GMT, and times are translated on the fly to be displayed in whatever timezone is appropriate. The IBM PC was expected to be a stand-alone machine, and DOS was very constrained for space, so it knows nothing about time zones: you set the clock to your local time, and in early machines you have to do that every time you turn it on because there isn't even a battery-backed clock. So a Unix machine in the UK at the end of summer time changes its time display formula from "GMT + 60 minute" to "GMT + 0", but a DOS machine has to set the clock back from 2am to 1am. And NT4 at least followed the DOS tradition.

So it was 2am on Sunday, and the end of summer time. The NT4 box popped up an alert, to the effect of "I've noticed we're in winter time now, so I've set the clock back an hour. Aren't I clever!" We left it there, because we were mildly amused at how pleased with itself it was, and we didn't need to use the box anyway.

Come 3am, same thing. 4am, same thing.

When we changed shifts at 9am on Sunday, we told our counterparts and encouraged them to see how long it would keep going. (There was in theory some kind of synchronisation of clock time to a reference clock elsewhere, but Windows in those days was very bad at it, because even once they admitted it might be useful Microsoft refused to implement NTP and insisted on inventing their own protocol.) By the time I came back at 9pm on Sunday the alerts were filling the screen..

We let it go until about 9am on Monday, with dozens of alerts as its clock eternally ran from 1am to 2am on Sunday and then reset; then one of the bosses came in and said it looked "unprofessional", and the daytime team had to reset the clock. by hand.

Perhaps MS had thought that a machine would always be turned off during the time transition. (Well, very few people were daft enough to run servers on Windows in those days, but surely there must have been some?) Or there was some wonkiness in the interaction between the operating system clock and the hardware clock.

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